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Bharat Ratna: The highest Civilian Award of India..

Introduction: 

Bharat Ratna is the Republic of India's highest civilian award, awarded for the highest degrees of national service. This service includes artistic, literary, and scientific achievements, as well as "recognition of public service of the highest order." Unlike knights, holders of the Bharat Ratna carry neither special title nor any other honorifics, but they do have a place in the Indian order of precedence.

The award was established by the first President of India, Rajendra Prasad, on 2 January 1954.  Along with other major national honours, such as the Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri, (You will read further) the awarding of the Bharat Ratna was suspended from 13 July 1977 to 26 January 1980.

History:

The order was established by Rajendra Prasad, President of India, on 2 January 1954. The original statutes of January 1954 did not make allowance for posthumous awards (and this perhaps explains why the decoration was never awarded to Mahatma Gandhi), though this provision was added in the January 1955 statute. Subsequently, there have been twelve posthumous awards, including the award to Subhash Chandra Bose in 1992, which was later withdrawn due to a legal technicality, the only case of an award being withdrawn. The award was briefly suspended from 13 July 1977 to 26 January 1980.

While there was no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens, this seems to have been the general assumption. Of the 41 awards so far, there has been one award to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa (1980), and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987) and Nelson Mandela (1990). The awarding of this honour has frequently been the subject of litigation questioning the constitutional basis of such.

Originally, the specifications for the award called for a circular gold medal carrying the state emblem and motto, among other things. It is uncertain if a design in accordance with the original specifications was ever made. The actual award is designed in the shape of a peepul leaf and carries with the words "Bharat Ratna", inscribed in Devanagari script. The reverse side of the medal carries the state emblem and motto. The award is attached to a 2-inch-wide (51 mm) ribbon, and was designed to be worn around the recipient's neck.

List of  Gems:-

·         Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi
Arts : 2008 : Karnataka

·         Kumari Lata Dinanath Mangeshkar
Arts : 2001 : Maharashtra

·         Late. Ustad Bismillah Khan
Arts : 2001 : Uttar Pradesh

·         Prof. Amartya Sen
Literature & Education : 1999 : United Kingdom

·         Lokpriya Gopinath (posth.) Bordoloi
Public Affairs : 1999 : Assam

·         Loknayak Jayprakash (Posth.) Narayan
Public Affairs : 1999 : Bihar

·         Pandit Ravi Shankar
Arts : 1999 : United States

·         Shri Chidambaram Subramaniam
Public Affairs : 1998 : Tamil Nadu

·         Smt. M.S. Subbulakshmi
Arts : 1998 : Tamil Nadu

·         Shri (Dr.) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Science & Engineering. : 1997 : Delhi

• Smt. Aruna Asaf (Posth.) Ali
  Public Affairs : 1997 : Delhi
• Shri Gulzari Lal (Shri) Nanda
  Public Affairs : 1997 : Gujarat
• Shri Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhai Tata
  Trade & Industry : 1992 : Maharashtra
• Shri Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
  Public Affairs : 1992 : West Bengal
• Shri Satyajit Ray
  Arts : 1992 : West Bengal
• Shri Morarji Ranchhodji Desai
  Public Affairs : 1991 : Gujarat
• Shri Rajiv Gandhi
  Public Affairs : 1991 : Delhi
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
  Public Affairs : 1991 : Gujarat
• Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedakr
  Public Affairs : 1990 : Maharashtra
• Dr. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
  Public Affairs : 1990 : South Africa
• Shri Marudur Gopalan Ramachandran
  Public Affairs : 1988 : Tamil Nadu
• Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
  Social Work : 1987 : Pakistan
• Shri Acharya Vinoba Bhave
  Social Work : 1983 : Maharashtra
• Mother Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu Teresa
  Social Work : 1980 : West Bengal
• Shri Kumaraswamy Kamraj
  Public Affairs : 1976 : Tamil Nadu
• Shri V.V. Giri
  Public Affairs : 1975 : Orissa
• Smt. Indira Gandhi
  Public Affairs : 1971 : Uttar Pradesh
• Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri
  Public Affairs : 1966 : Uttar Pradesh
• Dr. Pandurang Vaman Kane
  Social Work : 1963 : Maharashtra
• Dr. Zakir Hussain
  Public Affairs : 1963 : Andhra Pradesh
• Dr. Rajendra Prasad
  Public Affairs : 1962 : Bihar
• Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy
  Public Affairs : 1961 : West Bengal
• Shri Purushottam Das Tandon
  Public Affairs : 1961 : Uttar Pradesh
• Dr. Dhondo Keshav Karve
  Social Work : 1958 : Maharashtra
• Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant
  Public Affairs : 1957 : Uttar Pradesh
• Dr. Bhagwan Das
  Literature & Education : 1955 : Uttar Pradesh
• Shri Jawaharlal Nehru
  Public Affairs : 1955 : Uttar Pradesh
• Dr. M. Vishweshwariah
  Civil Service : 1955 : Karnataka
• Shri Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
  Public Affairs : 1954 : Tamil Nadu
• Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
  Science & Engineering. : 1954 : Tamil Nadu
• Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan 
  Public Affairs : 1954 : Tamil Nadu